Treaty Articles:

• directly applicable / do not require further domestic legislation / take effect on passing

Vertical: Individual v State

• vertical direct effect / purposive approach / concerns individuals not just state / joining EU limited sovereignty (Van Gend en Loos)
• Van Gend criteria: clear / precise / unconditional / no room for discretion in implementation

Horizontal: Individual v Individual

• horizontal direct effect / if Van Gend criteria satisfied (Defrenne v SABENA)

Regulations:

• Article 288 TFEU: directly applicable / do not require further domestic legislation / take effect on passing

Vertical: Individual v State

• vertical direct effect / if Van Gend criteria satisfied (Leonesio v Italian Ministry of Agriculture)

Horizontal: Individual v Individual

• horizontal direct effect / if Van Gend criteria satisfied (Antonio Munoz v Frumar)

Directives:

• Article 288 TFEU: binding as to result / State choice form & methods / implementing legislation required
• properly implemented: not directly applicable / rely on domestic legislation
• non-implementation or faulty implementation: State breaches Article 288 TFEU / direct action to ECJ: Commission (Article 258 TFEU) or other Member State (Article 259 TFEU)

Vertical: Individual v Public Body

• vertical direct effect / Van Duyn: clear / precise / unconditional / Ratti: implementation date expired
• unclear: Article 267 TFEU preliminary ruling referral to ECJ

Horizontal: Individual v Individual

• no horizontal direct effect (Marshall) / confirmed (Faccini Dori v Recreb SRL)

Public body

• Emanation of the State: ECJ from HoL: whatever legal form / responsible for public service / under control of State / special powers for that purpose (Foster v British Gas)
• Kampelmann: special powers / or public service
• Reiser Internationale: 3 Foster principles apply: public service / control of State / special powers
• privatised water company / Emanation of State (Griffin v South West Water)